Hypertension affects over 1.4 billion adults worldwide and remains the leading modifiable risk factor for global cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. It is responsible for an estimated 10.8 million deaths annually and contributes significantly to the global burden of ischaemic heart disease, ...
Several closely regulated ion channels are involved in the various phases of the myocardial action potential (phases 0–4) (Figure 1).1 In the absence of neuroendocrine and other regulatory signals, the pacing rate of the sinoatrial node is 100 beats per minute (bpm). However, ...
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