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Cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of mortality and morbidity in adults worldwide.1 Coronary angiography (CAG) is the gold standard method for evaluating atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD).2 It is conventionally performed via the trans-femoral (TF) route. Recently, however, the trans-radial (TR) route has become the preferred way.3 The TR route offers better procedure comfort, shorter hospitalization […]

Anemia and heart failure: a cause of progression or only a consequence?

Marco Metra, Savina Nodari, Tania Bordonali, Silvia Bugatti, Benedetta Fontanella, Carlo Lombardi, Alberto Saporetti, Giulia Verzura, Rossella Danesi, Livio Dei Cas
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Published Online: Jul 27th 2018 Heart International 2007;3(1-2):1-11
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Abstract

Overview

Anemia is one of the most frequent co-morbidities in the patients with heart failure.
Its prevalence increases from 4-7% in the subjects with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction
to >30% in the patients with severe heart failure. Renal insufficiency, activation of inflammatory
mediators, and treatment with renin-angiotensin antagonists seem to be its main determinants.
The results of many studies agree in showing that anemia is a powerful independent determinant
of survival in patients with heart failure. However, the mechanisms of this relation are
still incompletely understood. Moreover a favourable effect on prognosis of the correction of
anemia has not been shown, yet, and also controlled studies assessing its effects on exercise
tolerance have yielded controversial results. (Heart International 2007; 3: 1-11)

Keywords

Anemia, Heart failure, Prognosis, Erythropoietin

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Article Information

Correspondence

Prof. Marco Metra, Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Dept. Of Experimental and Applied Medicine, University of Brescia c/o Spedali Civili, P.zza Spedali Civili, 1, 25123 Brescia – Italy, metramarco@libero.it

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